Fig. 1

Geographic extent of (A) classical and atypical BSE and (B) CWD. A States, provinces, and countries reporting cases of classical BSE (c-BSE) are shown in red. Note that the single case of c-BSE reported in Washington state in the U.S. was imported from Canada (United States Department of Agriculture 2004). Locations reporting cases of atypical BSE are shown in blue, while those reporting a mixture of both classical and atypical forms of BSE are shown in purple. In 2014, Romania reported two cases of BSE – one was confirmed as an atypical subtype, while the second was seemingly lost to follow up (European Food Safety Authority 2021; ProMED-Mail 2016). B States, provinces, and countries reporting cases of CWD in either farmed or free-ranging cervids are shown in green (Richards 2023)