Gut microbiota as a target in the bone health of livestock and poultry: roles of short-chain fatty acids

Huang, Shu-Cheng; He, Yan-Feng; Chen, Pan; Liu, Kai-Li; Shaukat, Aftab

doi:10.1186/s44149-023-00089-5

Animal Diseases

Table 2 The function and role of SCFAs involved in bone health

From: Gut microbiota as a target in the bone health of livestock and poultry: roles of short-chain fatty acids

Function	Types of SCFA	Object of study	Effect	References
Immunity	Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Valeric acid Isovaleric acid	Mice	Probiotics can regulate the immune response and relieve inflammation by producing SCFAs	Khan et al. 2022
	Butyric acid	Mice	The development of arthritis in mice is inhibited by butyrate by modulating cellular and humoral immune responses, and it has an ameliorative effect on bone	He et al. 2022
	Acetic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid	Mice	The production of SCFAs has a mitigating effect on OP development	Zhao et al. 2020a, b
The regulation of calcium	Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid	Laying hens	Promote intestinal absorption of calcium	Gultemirian et al. 2014
	Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Valeric acid	Mice	Increases calcium deposition at the site of bone injury and accelerates bone formation	Wallimann et al. 2021
	Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Isobutyric acid Valeric acid Isovaleric acid	Rats	Increases mineral availability by increasing calcium dissolution at lower pH, thereby increasing bone mineral content and deposition	Weaver et al. 2010
Osteogenesis	Butyric acid	Human beings	Increased mineralization of osteoblasts promotes bone formation and inhibits osteoclast differentiation by promoting OPG production by human osteoblasts	Ko. 2017
	Butyric acid	Mice	Butyrates can increase the number of Tregs in the intestine and bone marrow. Tregs can stimulate CD8 + T cells, which can secrete Wnt10b and promote bone formation by activating Wnt signaling in osteoblasts	Arpaia et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2019
	Propionic acid	SPF Mice	Propionate can promote the proliferation of Tregs, thereby enhancing the regulation of Tregs on bone homeostasis	Liu et al. 2021
	Butyric acid	Mice	The induced proliferation of Tregs in the gut and bone tissue and increased trabecular bone volume, and promoted bone formation in mice	Tyagi et al. 2018
Osteoclastogenesis	Butyric acid	Rats, Mice	Butyrate can inhibit the production of osteoclast precursor cells by inhibiting the activity of Histone deacetylase (HDAC). Butyric acid inhibits the formation of osteoclasts and the expression of osteoclast-specific mRNA under the stimulation of RANKL	Rahman et al. 2003
	Isovaleric acid	Mice	Isovaleric acid suppresses differentiation of bone marrow-derived macrophages into OCs by RANKL. Isovaleric acid inhibited the expression of OC-related genes	Cho et al. 2021
	Acetic acid Propionic acid Butyric acid Valeric acid	Mice	Genes related to osteoclast differentiation are differentially expressed in osteoclast precursor cells, which can significantly reduce osteoclast formation and bone resorption activity	Wallimann et al. 2021

Abbreviations: OP Osteoporosis, HDAC Histone deacetylase, RANKL Receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand

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